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Bigna Lenggenhager

University of Konstanz, Germany, Psychology, Faculty Member +1University of Konstanz, Germany, Psychology, Faculty MemberUniversity of Zurich, Switzerland, Psychology, Faculty Member

Neuroscience +3

Address: Cognitive Neuropsychology with focus Body, Self and Plasticity
Department of Psychology
University of Zurich
Binzmühlestrasse 15
CH-8040 Zurich

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214 Followers 134 Following 31 Co-authorsTotal Views

Papers

Achronopresence: how temporal visuotactile and visuomotor mismatches modulate embodiment

The loss of body ownership, the feeling that your body and its limbs no longer belong to you, pre... more The loss of body ownership, the feeling that your body and its limbs no longer belong to you, presents a severe clinical condition that has proven difficult to study directly. We here propose a novel paradigm using mixed reality to interfere with natural embodiment using temporally conflicting sensory signals from the own hand. In Experiment 1 we investigated how such a mismatch affects phenomenological and physiological aspects of embodiment, and identified its most important dimensions using a principle component analysis. The results suggest that such a mismatch induces a strong reduction in embodiment accompanied by an increase in feelings of disownership and deafference, which was, however, not reflected in physiological changes. In Experiment 2 we refined the paradigm to measure perceptual thresholds for temporal mismatches and compared how different multimodal, mismatching information alters the sense of embodiment. The results showed that while visual delay decreased embodim...

Not my body, not my pain? Pain perception and placebo analgesia in individuals with body integrity dysphoria

Cortex, 2022

Acute and chronic states of physical pain are inherently linked to our bodily perception. Bodily ... more Acute and chronic states of physical pain are inherently linked to our bodily perception. Bodily illusion paradigms have demonstrated that an experimentally induced sense of body disownership can modulate both acute and chronic pain. Insight into the relationship between enduring clinical alterations in body perception and pain is much more limited. The current study examined both pain perception and placebo analgesia in Body Integrity Dysphoria (BID), a clinical model of long-term alterations of bodily disownership: in its most commonly studied variant, people feel like a part of their body does not belong to them, leading to a desire for amputation of a physically healthy limb. Heat stimulations were applied before and after a placebo intervention (sham analgesic cream) to the desired and the undesired leg of 19 patients with BID with a unilateral leg amputation desire. Pain perception was assessed using pain thresholds, and ratings for pain intensity and pain unpleasantness. Results show that pain perception and placebo efficacy were lower for the undesired than for the desired leg, demonstrating a potential link between a clinical disorder of body ownership, pain perception, and placebo analgesia.

White matter abnormalities in the amputation variant of body integrity dysphoria

Happiness feels light and sadness feels heavy: introducing valence-related bodily sensation maps of emotions

Psychological Research, 2022

Bodily sensation mapping (BSM) is a recently developed self-report tool for the assessment of emo... more Bodily sensation mapping (BSM) is a recently developed self-report tool for the assessment of emotions in which people draw their sensations of activation in a body silhouette. Following the circumplex model of affect, activity and valence are the underling dimensions of every emotional experience. The aim of this study was to introduce the neglected valence dimension in BSM. We found that participants systematically report valence-related sensations of bodily lightness for positive emotions (happiness, love, pride), and sensations of bodily heaviness in response to negative emotions (e.g., anger, fear, sadness, depression) with specific body topography (Experiment 1). Further experiments showed that both computers (using a machine learning approach) and humans recognize emotions better when classification is based on the combined activity- and valence-related BSMs compared to either type of BSM alone (Experiments 2 and 3), suggesting that both types of bodily sensations reflect dis...

Being Short, Sweet, and Sour: Congruent Visuo-Olfactory Stimulation Enhances Illusory Embodiment

Perception, 2020

Bodily self-identification has shown to be easily altered through spatiotemporally congruent mult... more Bodily self-identification has shown to be easily altered through spatiotemporally congruent multimodal signals. While such manipulations are mostly studied through visuo-tactile or visuo-motor stimulation, here we investigated whether congruent visuo-olfactory cues might enhance illusory self-identification with an arbitrary object. Using virtual reality, healthy individuals saw a grapefruit from its supposed first-person perspective that was touched in synchrony with their own body. The touch attempted to replicate what was seen as softly squeezing the grapefruit. Crucially, when we additionally presented the smell of a grapefruit in synchrony with the squeezing, they self-identified stronger with the fruit than when they smelled strawberry.

Effect of Environment Size on Curvature Redirected Walking Thresholds

2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), 2018

How Does Embodying a Transgender Narrative Influence Social Bias? An Explorative Study in an Artistic Context

Frontiers in Psychology, 2020

Different armpits under my new nose: olfactory sex but not gender affects implicit measures of embodiment

Research has shown that conflicting multisensory signals may alter embodiment to the point of sel... more Research has shown that conflicting multisensory signals may alter embodiment to the point of self-identifying with a foreign body, but the role of olfaction in this process has been overlooked. Here, we study in healthy participants how sex (male and female sweat odors) and gender (male and female cosmetic scents) olfactory stimuli contribute to embodiment. Participants saw from the perspective of a sex mismatching person in virtual reality and received synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation to elicit illusory embodiment of the seen body while smelling either sex- or gender-congruent stimuli. We assessed implicit (skin conductance responses to visual threats) and explicit (questionnaire) measures of embodiment. Stronger responses to threat were found when participants smelled the sex-congruent compared to the sex-incongruent odor, while no such differences were found for the cosmetic scents. According to the questionnaire, embodiment did not differ between conditions. Post-experimen...

Matter over mind: causal inferences from neuroimaging data

arXiv: Neurons and Cognition, 2020

Increased efforts in neuroscience try to understand mental disorders as brain disorders. In the p... more Increased efforts in neuroscience try to understand mental disorders as brain disorders. In the present study we investigate how common a neuroreductionist inclination is in the popular mind. Identically graphed, simulated data of mind-brain correlations were shown in three contexts with presumably different presumptions about causality. 738 highly-educated laymen rated plausibility of causality attribution from brain to mind and from mind to brain for correlations between brain structural properties and mental phenomena in the context of commonly perceived brain-lesion induced behavior (aphasia), behavior-induced training effects (piano playing), and a newly described mental disorder (Body Integrity Dysphoria). The findings reveal the expected context-dependent modulation, but also a general tendency to more readily attribute causal inference from brain to mind than vice versa. We argue that this tendency has important consequences, especially in the context of Body Integrity Dysph...

Effects of a virtual gender swap on social and temporal decision-making

Scientific Reports, 2021

Mounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies ar... more Mounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies are replaced with virtual surrogates, can strongly alter cognition and behavior even when the virtual body radically differs from one’s own. One particular emergent area of interest is the investigation of how virtual gender swaps can influence choice behaviors. Economic decision-making paradigms have repeatedly shown that women tend to display more prosocial sharing choices than men. To examine whether a virtual gender swap can alter gender-specific differences in prosociality, 48 men and 51 women embodied either a same- or different-gender avatar in immersive virtual reality. In a between-subjects design, we differentiated between specifically social and non-social decision-making by means of a virtually administered interpersonal and intertemporal discounting task, respectively. We hypothesized that a virtual gender swap would elicit social behaviors that stereotypically align with the ...

Uncertainty Promotes Neuroreductionism: A Behavioral Online Study on Folk Psychological Causal Inference from Neuroimaging Data

Psychopathology, 2021

Introduction: Increased efforts in neuroscience try to understand mental disorders as brain disor... more Introduction: Increased efforts in neuroscience try to understand mental disorders as brain disorders. In the present study, we investigate how common a neuroreductionist inclination is among highly educated people. In particular, we shed light on implicit presuppositions of mental disorders little is known about in the public, exemplified here by the case of body integrity dysphoria (BID) that is considered a mental disorder for the first time in ICD-11. Methods: Identically graphed, simulated data of mind-brain correlations were shown in 3 contexts with presumably different presumptions about causality. 738 highly educated lay people rated plausibility of causality attribution from the brain to mind and from mind to the brain for correlations between brain structural properties and mental phenomena. We contrasted participants’ plausibility ratings of causality in the contexts of commonly perceived brain lesion-induced behavior (aphasia), behavior-induced training effects (piano pl...

Prosthesis embodiment and attenuation of prosthetic touch in upper limb amputees – a proof-of-concept study

The phenomenon of sensory attenuation, that is, the perceptual reduction of intensity for self-ge... more The phenomenon of sensory attenuation, that is, the perceptual reduction of intensity for self-generated stimuli, is considered a neurocognitive basis for self-other distinction. Corroboratory, such perceptual attenuation has been shown to be dependent on the sense of embodiment, that is, the perceptual incorporation of an object or body part into one’s body representation. In the present study, we tested whether this relationship is transferrable to unilateral upper limb amputees using a prosthesis. Thirteen participants were asked to touch their foot sole with a) their intact hand (self-touch), b) their prosthesis (prosthesis-touch), or c) let it be touched by another person (other-touch). Intensity of touch was assessed with a questionnaire. In addition, prosthesis embodiment was assessed by the recently introduced Prosthesis Embodiment Scale in nine participants. We found that both self-touch as well as prosthesis-touch was characterized by significant perceptual attenuation com...

Interoception and embodiment in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy

Journal of Neurology, 2020

Development of the Bodily Self: Effects of Visuomotor Synchrony and Visual Appearance on Virtual Embodiment in Children and Adults

The sense of a bodily self is thought to depend on adaptive weighting and integration of bodily a... more The sense of a bodily self is thought to depend on adaptive weighting and integration of bodily afferents and prior beliefs. Evidence from studies using paradigms such as the rubber hand illusion and full body illusion suggests changes in the integration of visuotactile bodily signals throughout childhood. Here, we extended this line of research by assessing how bottom-up visuomotor synchrony and expectancy, modulated by visual appearance of virtual avatars, contribute to embodiment in children. We compared responses to a first-person perspective virtual full body illusion from 8-12-year-old children and adults, while manipulating synchrony of the avatar’s movements (synchronous, 0.5 s, 1 s delay compared to the participant’s movements), and appearance of the avatar (human or skeleton). We measured embodiment with both subjective questionnaires and objective skin conductance responses to virtual threat. Results showed that children experienced ownership for the virtual avatar in a s...

The monologue of the double: allocentric reduplication of the own voice alters bodily self perception

During autoscopic phenomena, people perceive a double of themselves in extrapersonal space. Such ... more During autoscopic phenomena, people perceive a double of themselves in extrapersonal space. Such clinical allocentric self-experiences often co-occur with auditory hallucinations, yet experimental setups to induce similar illusions in healthy participants have been limited to visual doubles. We investigated whether feeling the presence of an auditory double could be provoked in healthy participants and how it might affect spatial aspects of bodily self-consciousness. We recorded the own versus another person’s voice while walking around in the room using binaural headphones from an egocentric and an allocentric perspective. In comparison to listening to their own moving voice egocentrically, when listening to themselves allocentrically, participants reported a strong feeling of a presence with a similarly high degree of self-identification, suggesting a successful induction of the feeling of an acoustic doppelganger. When pointing to the source of the own voice participants localize...

Body-maps of emotions in bilateral vestibulopathy

Journal of Neurology, 2020

Characterizing Body Image Distortion and Bodily Self-Plasticity in Anorexia Nervosa via Visuo-Tactile Stimulation in Virtual Reality

Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2019

We combined virtual reality and multisensory bodily illusion with the aim to characterize and red... more We combined virtual reality and multisensory bodily illusion with the aim to characterize and reduce the perceptual (body overestimation) and the cognitive-emotional (body dissatisfaction) components of body image distortion (BID) in anorexia nervosa (AN). For each participant (20 anorexics, 20 healthy controls) we built personalized avatars that reproduced their own body size, shape, and verisimilar increases and losses of their original weight. Body overestimation and dissatisfaction were measured by asking participants to choose the avatar that best resembled their real and ideal body. Results show higher body dissatisfaction in AN, caused by the desire of a thinner body, and no body-size overestimation. Interpersonal multisensory stimulation (IMS) was then applied on the avatar reproducing participant’s perceived body, and on the two avatars which reproduced increases and losses of 15% of it, all presented with a first-person perspective (1PP). Embodiment was stronger after sync...

Neuropharmacological modulation of the aberrant bodily self through psychedelics

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2019

Putting Yourself in the Skin of In- or Out-Group Members: No Effect of Implicit Biases on Egocentric Mental Transformation

Frontiers in Psychology, 2019

<p>“My friend, the pain”: does altered body awareness affect the valence of pain descriptors?</p>

Journal of Pain Research, 2019

Achronopresence: how temporal visuotactile and visuomotor mismatches modulate embodiment

The loss of body ownership, the feeling that your body and its limbs no longer belong to you, pre... more The loss of body ownership, the feeling that your body and its limbs no longer belong to you, presents a severe clinical condition that has proven difficult to study directly. We here propose a novel paradigm using mixed reality to interfere with natural embodiment using temporally conflicting sensory signals from the own hand. In Experiment 1 we investigated how such a mismatch affects phenomenological and physiological aspects of embodiment, and identified its most important dimensions using a principle component analysis. The results suggest that such a mismatch induces a strong reduction in embodiment accompanied by an increase in feelings of disownership and deafference, which was, however, not reflected in physiological changes. In Experiment 2 we refined the paradigm to measure perceptual thresholds for temporal mismatches and compared how different multimodal, mismatching information alters the sense of embodiment. The results showed that while visual delay decreased embodim...

Not my body, not my pain? Pain perception and placebo analgesia in individuals with body integrity dysphoria

Cortex, 2022

Acute and chronic states of physical pain are inherently linked to our bodily perception. Bodily ... more Acute and chronic states of physical pain are inherently linked to our bodily perception. Bodily illusion paradigms have demonstrated that an experimentally induced sense of body disownership can modulate both acute and chronic pain. Insight into the relationship between enduring clinical alterations in body perception and pain is much more limited. The current study examined both pain perception and placebo analgesia in Body Integrity Dysphoria (BID), a clinical model of long-term alterations of bodily disownership: in its most commonly studied variant, people feel like a part of their body does not belong to them, leading to a desire for amputation of a physically healthy limb. Heat stimulations were applied before and after a placebo intervention (sham analgesic cream) to the desired and the undesired leg of 19 patients with BID with a unilateral leg amputation desire. Pain perception was assessed using pain thresholds, and ratings for pain intensity and pain unpleasantness. Results show that pain perception and placebo efficacy were lower for the undesired than for the desired leg, demonstrating a potential link between a clinical disorder of body ownership, pain perception, and placebo analgesia.

White matter abnormalities in the amputation variant of body integrity dysphoria

Happiness feels light and sadness feels heavy: introducing valence-related bodily sensation maps of emotions

Psychological Research, 2022

Bodily sensation mapping (BSM) is a recently developed self-report tool for the assessment of emo... more Bodily sensation mapping (BSM) is a recently developed self-report tool for the assessment of emotions in which people draw their sensations of activation in a body silhouette. Following the circumplex model of affect, activity and valence are the underling dimensions of every emotional experience. The aim of this study was to introduce the neglected valence dimension in BSM. We found that participants systematically report valence-related sensations of bodily lightness for positive emotions (happiness, love, pride), and sensations of bodily heaviness in response to negative emotions (e.g., anger, fear, sadness, depression) with specific body topography (Experiment 1). Further experiments showed that both computers (using a machine learning approach) and humans recognize emotions better when classification is based on the combined activity- and valence-related BSMs compared to either type of BSM alone (Experiments 2 and 3), suggesting that both types of bodily sensations reflect dis...

Being Short, Sweet, and Sour: Congruent Visuo-Olfactory Stimulation Enhances Illusory Embodiment

Perception, 2020

Bodily self-identification has shown to be easily altered through spatiotemporally congruent mult... more Bodily self-identification has shown to be easily altered through spatiotemporally congruent multimodal signals. While such manipulations are mostly studied through visuo-tactile or visuo-motor stimulation, here we investigated whether congruent visuo-olfactory cues might enhance illusory self-identification with an arbitrary object. Using virtual reality, healthy individuals saw a grapefruit from its supposed first-person perspective that was touched in synchrony with their own body. The touch attempted to replicate what was seen as softly squeezing the grapefruit. Crucially, when we additionally presented the smell of a grapefruit in synchrony with the squeezing, they self-identified stronger with the fruit than when they smelled strawberry.

Effect of Environment Size on Curvature Redirected Walking Thresholds

2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), 2018

How Does Embodying a Transgender Narrative Influence Social Bias? An Explorative Study in an Artistic Context

Frontiers in Psychology, 2020

Different armpits under my new nose: olfactory sex but not gender affects implicit measures of embodiment

Research has shown that conflicting multisensory signals may alter embodiment to the point of sel... more Research has shown that conflicting multisensory signals may alter embodiment to the point of self-identifying with a foreign body, but the role of olfaction in this process has been overlooked. Here, we study in healthy participants how sex (male and female sweat odors) and gender (male and female cosmetic scents) olfactory stimuli contribute to embodiment. Participants saw from the perspective of a sex mismatching person in virtual reality and received synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation to elicit illusory embodiment of the seen body while smelling either sex- or gender-congruent stimuli. We assessed implicit (skin conductance responses to visual threats) and explicit (questionnaire) measures of embodiment. Stronger responses to threat were found when participants smelled the sex-congruent compared to the sex-incongruent odor, while no such differences were found for the cosmetic scents. According to the questionnaire, embodiment did not differ between conditions. Post-experimen...

Matter over mind: causal inferences from neuroimaging data

arXiv: Neurons and Cognition, 2020

Increased efforts in neuroscience try to understand mental disorders as brain disorders. In the p... more Increased efforts in neuroscience try to understand mental disorders as brain disorders. In the present study we investigate how common a neuroreductionist inclination is in the popular mind. Identically graphed, simulated data of mind-brain correlations were shown in three contexts with presumably different presumptions about causality. 738 highly-educated laymen rated plausibility of causality attribution from brain to mind and from mind to brain for correlations between brain structural properties and mental phenomena in the context of commonly perceived brain-lesion induced behavior (aphasia), behavior-induced training effects (piano playing), and a newly described mental disorder (Body Integrity Dysphoria). The findings reveal the expected context-dependent modulation, but also a general tendency to more readily attribute causal inference from brain to mind than vice versa. We argue that this tendency has important consequences, especially in the context of Body Integrity Dysph...

Effects of a virtual gender swap on social and temporal decision-making

Scientific Reports, 2021

Mounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies ar... more Mounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies are replaced with virtual surrogates, can strongly alter cognition and behavior even when the virtual body radically differs from one’s own. One particular emergent area of interest is the investigation of how virtual gender swaps can influence choice behaviors. Economic decision-making paradigms have repeatedly shown that women tend to display more prosocial sharing choices than men. To examine whether a virtual gender swap can alter gender-specific differences in prosociality, 48 men and 51 women embodied either a same- or different-gender avatar in immersive virtual reality. In a between-subjects design, we differentiated between specifically social and non-social decision-making by means of a virtually administered interpersonal and intertemporal discounting task, respectively. We hypothesized that a virtual gender swap would elicit social behaviors that stereotypically align with the ...

Uncertainty Promotes Neuroreductionism: A Behavioral Online Study on Folk Psychological Causal Inference from Neuroimaging Data

Psychopathology, 2021

Introduction: Increased efforts in neuroscience try to understand mental disorders as brain disor... more Introduction: Increased efforts in neuroscience try to understand mental disorders as brain disorders. In the present study, we investigate how common a neuroreductionist inclination is among highly educated people. In particular, we shed light on implicit presuppositions of mental disorders little is known about in the public, exemplified here by the case of body integrity dysphoria (BID) that is considered a mental disorder for the first time in ICD-11. Methods: Identically graphed, simulated data of mind-brain correlations were shown in 3 contexts with presumably different presumptions about causality. 738 highly educated lay people rated plausibility of causality attribution from the brain to mind and from mind to the brain for correlations between brain structural properties and mental phenomena. We contrasted participants’ plausibility ratings of causality in the contexts of commonly perceived brain lesion-induced behavior (aphasia), behavior-induced training effects (piano pl...

Prosthesis embodiment and attenuation of prosthetic touch in upper limb amputees – a proof-of-concept study

The phenomenon of sensory attenuation, that is, the perceptual reduction of intensity for self-ge... more The phenomenon of sensory attenuation, that is, the perceptual reduction of intensity for self-generated stimuli, is considered a neurocognitive basis for self-other distinction. Corroboratory, such perceptual attenuation has been shown to be dependent on the sense of embodiment, that is, the perceptual incorporation of an object or body part into one’s body representation. In the present study, we tested whether this relationship is transferrable to unilateral upper limb amputees using a prosthesis. Thirteen participants were asked to touch their foot sole with a) their intact hand (self-touch), b) their prosthesis (prosthesis-touch), or c) let it be touched by another person (other-touch). Intensity of touch was assessed with a questionnaire. In addition, prosthesis embodiment was assessed by the recently introduced Prosthesis Embodiment Scale in nine participants. We found that both self-touch as well as prosthesis-touch was characterized by significant perceptual attenuation com...

Interoception and embodiment in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy

Journal of Neurology, 2020

Development of the Bodily Self: Effects of Visuomotor Synchrony and Visual Appearance on Virtual Embodiment in Children and Adults

The sense of a bodily self is thought to depend on adaptive weighting and integration of bodily a... more The sense of a bodily self is thought to depend on adaptive weighting and integration of bodily afferents and prior beliefs. Evidence from studies using paradigms such as the rubber hand illusion and full body illusion suggests changes in the integration of visuotactile bodily signals throughout childhood. Here, we extended this line of research by assessing how bottom-up visuomotor synchrony and expectancy, modulated by visual appearance of virtual avatars, contribute to embodiment in children. We compared responses to a first-person perspective virtual full body illusion from 8-12-year-old children and adults, while manipulating synchrony of the avatar’s movements (synchronous, 0.5 s, 1 s delay compared to the participant’s movements), and appearance of the avatar (human or skeleton). We measured embodiment with both subjective questionnaires and objective skin conductance responses to virtual threat. Results showed that children experienced ownership for the virtual avatar in a s...

The monologue of the double: allocentric reduplication of the own voice alters bodily self perception

During autoscopic phenomena, people perceive a double of themselves in extrapersonal space. Such ... more During autoscopic phenomena, people perceive a double of themselves in extrapersonal space. Such clinical allocentric self-experiences often co-occur with auditory hallucinations, yet experimental setups to induce similar illusions in healthy participants have been limited to visual doubles. We investigated whether feeling the presence of an auditory double could be provoked in healthy participants and how it might affect spatial aspects of bodily self-consciousness. We recorded the own versus another person’s voice while walking around in the room using binaural headphones from an egocentric and an allocentric perspective. In comparison to listening to their own moving voice egocentrically, when listening to themselves allocentrically, participants reported a strong feeling of a presence with a similarly high degree of self-identification, suggesting a successful induction of the feeling of an acoustic doppelganger. When pointing to the source of the own voice participants localize...

Body-maps of emotions in bilateral vestibulopathy

Journal of Neurology, 2020

Characterizing Body Image Distortion and Bodily Self-Plasticity in Anorexia Nervosa via Visuo-Tactile Stimulation in Virtual Reality

Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2019

We combined virtual reality and multisensory bodily illusion with the aim to characterize and red... more We combined virtual reality and multisensory bodily illusion with the aim to characterize and reduce the perceptual (body overestimation) and the cognitive-emotional (body dissatisfaction) components of body image distortion (BID) in anorexia nervosa (AN). For each participant (20 anorexics, 20 healthy controls) we built personalized avatars that reproduced their own body size, shape, and verisimilar increases and losses of their original weight. Body overestimation and dissatisfaction were measured by asking participants to choose the avatar that best resembled their real and ideal body. Results show higher body dissatisfaction in AN, caused by the desire of a thinner body, and no body-size overestimation. Interpersonal multisensory stimulation (IMS) was then applied on the avatar reproducing participant’s perceived body, and on the two avatars which reproduced increases and losses of 15% of it, all presented with a first-person perspective (1PP). Embodiment was stronger after sync...

Neuropharmacological modulation of the aberrant bodily self through psychedelics

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2019

Putting Yourself in the Skin of In- or Out-Group Members: No Effect of Implicit Biases on Egocentric Mental Transformation

Frontiers in Psychology, 2019

<p>“My friend, the pain”: does altered body awareness affect the valence of pain descriptors?</p>

Journal of Pain Research, 2019